Meditation for chronic pain backed by nursing research Paper

Meditation for chronic pain backed by nursing - Research Paper Example In this regard, the current discourse aims to determine what nursing research says about using meditation to manage chronic pain; and, according to the role of nursing, one seeks to determine if this modality is effective in treating chronic pain. Nursing Research on Meditation to Manage Chronic Pain The research article written by Chiesa and Serretti (2011) and entitled â€Å"Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review of the Evidence† proffered pertinent issues relative to using mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) techniques to alleviate chronic pain. As disclosed, â€Å"MBSR is a standardized group-based meditation program conceived in the late 1970s from the effort to integrate Buddhist mindfulness meditation with contemporary Western clinical and psychological practice† (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011, p. 83). The authors initially described techniques commonly applied in MBSR that focuses on body scan, sitting meditation, and yoga (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011). The findings revealed inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of using MBIs as an intervention for chronic pain and to allegedly reduce related depression that ensues from the pain experience. In another study written by Morone, Lynch, Greco, Tindle, and Weiner (2008), the authors sought the participation of 27 older adults reportedly complaining of low back chronic pain. Through the use of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), in conjunction with diverse methods that aim to reduce pain, such as â€Å"distraction, increased body awareness leading to behavior change, better pain coping, and direct pain reduction through meditation† (Morone, Lynch, Greco, Tindle, & Weiner, 2008, p. 841), participants have noted in their respective diaries, significant improvement in managing pain, in well-being, in sleeping, and in attention-related activities. Finally, in the study conducted by Tul, Unruh, and Dick (2 011), the authors specifically aimed to determine how yoga, a form of meditation, serves as a means to address chronic pain. As specifically revealed, â€Å"the yoga program offered its participants a new way of engaging with their body resulting in heightened re?ection and self-awareness that enabled most participants to feel more control over their pain† (Tul, Unruh, & Dick, 2011, p. 440). As such, the meditative strategy accorded through yoga enabled the participants to refocus on more positive methods for relaxation that allowed them to channel their energies to meditation techniques rather than be fixated in the chronic pain. The research article written by Chiesa and Serretti (2011) actually included, through a tabular representation, the summary of previous studies conducted on the subject of using meditation as a means to alleviate chronic pain. The summary disclosed that 10 conclusive studies had focused on MBIs but generated different results, as above noted. As cle arly founded, â€Å"there is not yet suf?cient evidence to determine whether MBIs could be more ef?cacious than nonspeci?c interventions such as support and educational control groups for the reduction of pain and depressive symptoms in patients with chronic pain† (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011, p. 91). Meditation as Modality to Treat Chronic Pain As Seen through the Role of Nursing From the diverse results that were disclosed and which

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay Example for Free

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay What is a college degree worth 50,000, $150,000, $300,000? The real question should be is a college degree really worth it? A lot of students go into college not knowing what to expect, or not knowing what to do. College degrees are made of paper, the importance of these degrees are valued by all the hard work you put in. There are several reasons why a college degree is not worth it. A college degree can be connected with negative associations. Getting a degree is like getting married. It’s a big decision someone has to make. There’s a lot of  cost, a lot of ups and downs, and it can be very stressful. Someone shouldn’t just go to college because they see everyone attending college after high school. The main number one reason why everyone wants to get a college degree is because they believe once they finish college they’ll have a better employment rate rather than someone without one. According to Not All College Majors Are Created Equal, by Michelle Singletary â€Å"the highest unemployment rate for recent graduates is generally the highest in architecture (13. 9 percent), then in non- technical majors, such as arts (11.1 percent), humanities and liberal arts (9. 4 percent), social science (8. 9 percent), finally law and public policy (8. 1 percent). † Having a degree is not automatically doing to get you a job, but most graduates are working in a job that does not require a degree. Focusing so much on college and perusing the goal of earning a degree can impact your social life. For many accomplishing a degree is not only a must but it becomes part of their life from sunrise to sunset. They start losing touch with reality, friends, and everyday activities. It is as if your life only has  one signal meaning that is, your college degree. College requires so many sacrifices because you have to have time to study for exams and getting your homework done. Not having a college degree doesn’t mean that someone won’t become successful. There have been a lot of people in this world that become very successful without a degree. For example: the CEO of Coca cola, Walt Disney, Steve Jobs, and many more. A degree does not make you the richest person in the world. There are many roads for an education rather than just attending college for a degree. Many people succeed without college degrees.

The American Constitution and Drug War Essay -- American Government, L

The consensus with regards to drug laws favors more stringent and draconian laws, with the attempt to stifle use and punish crime. There are many claims used against drug legalization, such as, moral degradation, crime, the destruction of inner cities; along with families, diseases, such as AIDS, and the corrupting of law enforcement. When one examines the effects of prohibition, one has to inquire: has the cost been worth it? Certainly, an argument for the abolition of prohibition doesn’t include the favoring of drug use, but merely recognizes the vain and utopian attempt to control individual choices. Along these lines, the unintended consequences of these attempts may preclude any benefits. Further, one has to wonder: are these laws—at the federal level—constitutional or not? This paper will examine the issue of drug prohibition from a constitutional standpoint, an economic perspective, and the societal effects these laws have. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land. While this statement seems axiomatic, it’s essential to discern the explication and implication of this with regard to the drug war. It’s been assumed that whatever the federal government passes is by the fact itself constitutional, notwithstanding the Supreme Court. However, to the dismay of some, this statement is blatantly false. The Constitution was ratified on the condition that only the powers the federal government would possess were the ones specifically delegated to it by the states. This is reinforced by the 10th amendment (Mount, 2010). This view stipulates that the federal government is limited and defined; and, for the government to garner new powers, the correct approach would be through Article V’s amendment process. ... ...this construction of the words â€Å"necessary and proper,† is not only consonant with that which prevailed during the discussions and ratification of the constitution, but is absolutely necessary to maintain their consistency with the peculiar character of the government, as possessed of particular and defined powers, only; not of the general and indefinite powers vested in ordinary governments. (Tucker, 2010) To take a step beyond these powers would cripple the constitution and thus cripple our democratic principles and process. In order for changes to be made—which there have been—the proper arrangement would be the amendment process. If it took the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 to outlaw alcohol, it would seem logical and constitutional to outlaw drugs (Vick, 2010). In sum, any laws at the federal level that outlaw drugs, based on these facts, are unconstitutional.

Essay on Imagery in Their Eyes Were Watching God -- Their Eyes Were Wa

Positive Imagery in Their Eyes Were Watching God In Zora Neale Hurston's novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the life of Janie is presented as a journey. Janie survives a grandmother, three husbands, and innumerable friends. Throughout this journey, she moves towards her ideals about love and how to live one's life. Hurston chooses to define Janie not by what is wrong in her life, but by what is good in it. Janie undergoes many changes throughout her journey, but the imagery in her life always conjures positive ideas in the mind of the reader. Janie's life begins under the watchful eye of her grandmother. Her grandmother has given up her own happiness to raise Janie and her mother. Right away, it is obvious that Janie's life is going to be different than her grandmother's. For starters, Janie has very different ideas about love than any other character. She may not be able to clearly define her thoughts, but the reader still sees that Janie's ideas are romantic and full of sensuality. The first glimpse into the past that the reader sees involves Janie underneath a pear tree, watching the flowers bloom. The descriptive language ("From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds; from the leaf-buds to snowy virginity of bloom" [10]) beautifully juxtaposed with complex thought ("The rose of the world was breathing out smell. It . . . followed her. . . and caressed her . . ." [10]) lets the reader experience the same feelings that Janie does, even though she is not yet old enough to fully describe them herself. Janie's grandmother is old and weak. She never had a person in her life who cared for her and truly wanted to look out for her well-being. As a result, she is frightened by Janie's refusal to follow the mold, ... ...tell it again. She doesn't need to. Janie has lived her life and survived her journey. Zora Neale Hurston closes off Their Eyes Were Watching God with one final, poignant image; Janie "[calling] in her soul to come and see" [184] the splendor of her life. Works Cited and Consulted Bourn, Byron D. "Women's Roles in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and James Baldwin's Go Tell It On the Mountain" Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row, 1937. Johnson, Barbara. "Metaphor, Metonymy and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Lubitschek, Cyrena N. "The Role of Imagery in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." American Literature 58.2 (May 1996): 181-202.

Diversity and Globalization Essay

Women in motion: globalization, state policies and labor migration in Asia is one of the major works by Nana Oishi. As a writer, Nana provides an analysis about labor migration in Asia with a close look at the patterns of female migration from various countries. Certain provisions are made that governs both receiving and sending countries in matters of female migration. Nana is critical in various theories that are conventional in economic theories of migration. A major area she is interested in is the driving factors reflecting in the source country. She is also very much concerned with structuralist theories relating to patterns of labor migration. Nana criticizes household strategies adopted by international migration as it has failed to consider household members as reliable individuals in a position to make independent decisions. The number of female immigrants has increased in the past owing to factors such as poverty, looking for good jobs, globalization effect and family problems (Oishi, 28). Female migration has a number of negative effects which include increased levels of sexual abuse, dislocation in family ties which has a social implication and increased vulnerabilities as a result of low incomes of the unskilled. The receiving country has the right to protect individual’s rights of female migration to avoid violation of human fundamental rights. A number of policies need to be considered but two major outstanding policies are enforcement of dual citizenship laws and dissemination of information with a view of incorporating female migrants in programs and institutional structures. Leaders in the receiving country should establish laws that protect the rights of non-citizens such as female migrants. The existence of such migrants perhaps is an aspect of blessing to the receiving country through various developments. Existence of dual-citizenship laws protects such individuals from discrimination, violence and other forms of human abuse. Once a female migrates to another country, she should acquire citizenship rights of that particular country. The migrant acquires equal rights like any other citizen and thus she is protected from vices such as slavery, sexual abuse or forced labor (Oishi, 60). The receiving countries are supposed to observe friendly legal systems that promote female migrants dignity. Another major consideration as a protective policy that should be adopted by the receiving country is provision of programs that absorbs female migrants in institutional structures. The reasons that results to female migration such as academic advancement, seeking for good jobs and poverty can be resolved through such programs. It is important for the receiving country to clearly understand such reasons for purpose of protecting their dignity. Considering the humanitarian aspect of life, leaders in receiving countries should incorporate female migrants in programs that promote their rights. Enrolling female migrants into institutions allows them to acquire skills and hence be in a position to seek employment. With skills the female migrants can support their own needs without bothering other individuals which is a reason for discrimination. The educational programs also help female migrants to know their rights and feel protected. The McDonaldization of sushi The eating patterns of individuals in the entire world have changed and this is attributed to globalization in the aspect of culture. Food culture is one of the major debates in developed and developing nations which have significance influence on globalization. This is clearly reflected in the argument by Sasha Isenberg in â€Å"The Sushi Economy†. It is an article that clearly reflects on globalized food culture and commerce. In many parts of the world, Macdonald foods have dominated the food sector. MacDonaldization which is a term derived from MacDonald’s has influenced the eating habits of many individuals (Issenberg, 17). This thus is a clear reflection about the influence of globalization in various economic sectors. The spread of various MacDonald fast food restaurants in the world has an impact in the way the global economy is being implemented. The global economy in this aspect relates to diversification of certain aspects of economic fields which promotes establishment of common way of life. In Japan, there are many fast foods stop over that provides both civilians and visitors the capacity to taste their food culture. Development in various economic sectors and establishment of similar practices in the entire economy results to a common way of people’s life. Food culture is one of the most recognized impacts of globalization which is promoted by modernization. The global economy which is influenced by interaction of people from various regions of the world is highly reflected in food culture. MacDonaldization by Sushi thus talks more about global economy which has an impact in many lives of individuals. One major impact of global economy is influence on individual’s life which changes the eating habits. In this aspect, McDonaldization of Sushi reflects clearly on the impact of global economy in eating habits of people. Any person from developed countries traveling in developing nations is in a position to receive equivalent services in the scope of fast foods. This is seen as a major achievement for both state and promotes the growth of global economy. The growth of economy as a result of globalization and food culture has seen various developments in other food items. A more corresponding aspect is in fish as a food stuff which is reaching the same status as MacDonald. Fish as a food stuff is high recognized by nutritionists as a source of proteins that is essential for body building. Another common aspect of fish is its easiness to prepare and serve to customers (Issenberg, 25). In both developed and developing states, the availability of fish makes it to dominate the global markets. Considering these provisions, it becomes very easy for fish to resemble Sushi success. Developing states are seen as the cheap source of quality fish such as Africa and as an influence of globalization in the aspect of transportation it becomes easy to supply the commodity in global markets. The global economy is promoted through consideration of such policies making it easy for economy to grow fast. Diversification of food culture and change in lifestyle resulting from economic development makes individuals to change their eating habits. This promotes a common practice by investors in the hospitality sector. Sushi success as well as establishment of fish as a common food stuff promotes global economy. Globalization and flow of information from different perspectives makes it possible to trade fast foods such as fish through the supermarkets and other retail outlets. Since it is served as take away, travelers and children usually enjoy the food stuffs. Globalization in this aspect has led to establishment of certain policies necessary to transform global economy from one state to another. Works Cited Issenberg, Sasha, The Sushi Economy: Globalization and the Making of a Modern Delicacy, Gotham, 2007 Oishi, Nana, Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia, Stanford University Press, 2005

The best way to answer the question Why should I hire youÂÂ

The best way to answer the question Why should I hire you   It’s the moment of truth- you’re on the job hunt and have landed an interview and it’s going well. You’re making a great impression on the person you’re meeting with and it really feels as if you have this locked up†¦ and then all of a sudden you’re hit with the big question: â€Å"Why should I hire you?† On its face it may seem like an easy question, but the truth is that it may only seem deceptively so. On top of there being a lot riding on your answer (namely a possible new job), the way in which you choose to answer the question may reveal a great deal to the person who’s in a position to make a hiring decision about you. Obviously, you want to make a good impression, and there’s a million overused and unremarkable ways to handle the question that you should wisely avoid. With all of that said, perhaps it doesn’t seem so simple anymore?Don’t worry- although there are plenty of ways to miss the mark when you’re facing this question, there are some effective strategies for how to handle it that can help turn a good interview into a great one, ensure that you leave a positive lasting impression on the interviewer, and increase your chances of getting hired. The Balance recently published an article highlighting proven strategies for handling the â€Å"Why should I hire you?† question. Consider taking advantage of the following tips when you next face it.Build your pitch.Always remember that you’re selling yourself whenever you’re on an interview, and your answer to the question â€Å"Why should I hire you?† should reflect a deep awareness of the requirements of the position that you’re interviewing for, the needs of the company that you’d like to become a part of, and the personality traits, skills, and experience that you possess that make you an ideal candidate. This means that you should always do your homework before getting to the interview, and you should be ready to confidently connect the dots between you, the employer, and their needs. If you have this down cold, then you’re in a good position to let the interviewer know precisely why they should hire you; if you’re unsure of the answer, keep working to connect those dots before the day of the big interview arrives. It never hurts to take a look at the keywords in the job posting and incorporate some of them into your answer.That said, you should always be ready to tweak your answer as needed to reflect any new information you get during the interview. For example, if you go into the interview thinking that good project management skills is your most valuable asset for the position but learn during the interview that they’re really looking to hire someone who’s a whiz with numbers, you may want to consider a revision if the question arises.Keep it brief.A good answer to the question need not- and really should not- be an e ndless soliloquy that takes the unfortunate audience on a meandering journey through your entire life story. Keep it short, simple, and to the point- think a minute or two, tops. Your one goal is to succinctly encapsulate why you effectively bridge the gap between the position you’re vying for and the needs of the company. Anything longer than that may exhaust the listener and may truly be â€Å"TMI.†Realize it’s not just what you say.Sure, you’re going to be judged based on what you say in response to this question, but just as important for this and all other interview questions is how you respond. This includes your confidence, body language, and ability to sell yourself as a true potential asset who stands out from the job hunting crowd. So, not only prepare what you intend to say in response to this weighty question, also be sure that your delivery is razor-sharp. It’s okay to act like you’ve prepared an answer in advance- hiring manage rs love  preparation and attention to detail!What makes you stand out?It’s always smart to keep in mind that for every good answer you might have for every interview question that arises, there’ll be a pack of other qualified candidates who will also come to their interviews strapped with good answers as well. Therefore, you should come ready to answer the question â€Å"Why should I hire you?† with something that makes you stand out from the crowd. Anything that makes you unique and could be viewed as a potential checkmark in the â€Å"pro† column when hiring personnel are deciding about you is fair game. Perhaps the interviewer mentioned that the company is seeking to expand its business internationally and you speak the language of a country that they may be looking to do business in- that could be a potential game changer. Try to have your own game changer in mind when facing this question. Any detail will do- not only will you seem well-suited for the job, but it will also show that you’ve done your homework in advance and know what the company is all about.â€Å"Why should I hire you?† is a question that has the potential to leave you rambling on and on while not saying much of anything. Don’t waste your opportunity to create a powerful, pointed answer to this common interview question. Your interviewer will be impressed with your ability to summarize all you have to offer in a focused soundbite- you’ll look prepared, confident, and responsible, all traits key to getting the job.

Itch vs. Scratch

Itch vs. Scratch Itch vs. Scratch Itch vs. Scratch By Maeve Maddox Confusion as to whether to use scratch or itch is evident on the web. For example, the video of a cat scratching its own back has the label, â€Å"Cat itches his own back.† A pet care site features the question, â€Å"If a dog is uncontrollably itching an area to the point of bleeding, what can you do to stop it?† Some people are concerned enough about the difference between scratch and itch as to ask about it at answering sites: Can itch be used as a verb? My girlfriend and I have been going rounds about this. She says you can itch an itch, but I say you scratch an itch. Ive read its a transitive verb, whatever that is. Let’s start with â€Å"whatever a transitive verb is.† A transitive verb takes an object. That means the action of a verb has a receiver. In the sentence, The man sang a song, the action is â€Å"sang† and the receiver is â€Å"a song.† Many verbs can be transitive or intransitive, depending upon whether or not there is a receiver of the action. In the sentence, The man sang, the action is â€Å"sang,† but there is no receiver. The verb is intransitive. The verb itch can be used transitively or intransitively, but saying â€Å"I’m itching these bites on my arm† is not standard usage. So, if a person can’t â€Å"itch something,† when is itch transitive? Itch is transitive when something itches a person: The label in this tee shirt itches the back of my neck. As a noun, itch means the feeling on the skin that produces the urge to scratch. Used figuratively, itch means desire: She has an itch to travel. He has an itch for power. The verb scratch has more than one meaning, but the one that goes with itch is this one: scratch: transitive verb. to rub or scrape lightly with the finger-nails or claws to relieve itching. In standard English, itch can be used as a transitive verb, but not by the person who itches. So, scratch that itch, and cut out the T-shirt labels that itch your neck. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

10 Facts About the Element Iodine (Atomic Number 53 or I)

10 Facts About the Element Iodine (Atomic Number 53 or I) Iodine is element 53 on the periodic table, with element symbol I. Iodine is an element you encounter in iodized salt and some dyes. A small amount of iodine is essential for nutrition, while too much is toxic. Here are facts about this interesting, colorful element. The Name Iodine comes from the Greek word iodes, which means violet. Iodine vapor is violet-colored. The element was discovered in 1811 by French chemist Bernard Courtois. Courtois discovered iodine by accident while he was making saltpeter for use in the Napoleonic Wars. Making saltpeter required sodium carbonate. To get sodium carbonate, Courtois burned seaweed, washed the ash with water, and added sulfuric acid to remove contaminants. Courtois discovered adding an excess of sulfuric acid produced a cloud of purple vapor. While Courtois believed the vapor was a previously unknown element, he couldnt afford to research it, so he offered samples of the gas to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes and Nicolas Clement. They characterized the new material and made Courtois discovery public. Isotopes Many isotopes of iodine are known. All of them are radioactive except for I-127, which is the only isotope found in nature. Because there is only one natural isotope of iodine, its atomic weight is precisely known, rather than an average of isotopes like most elements. Color and Other Properties Solid iodine is blue-black in color, with a metallic sheen. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, iodine sublimates into its violet gas, so the liquid form is not seen. The color of iodine follows a trend seen in the halogens: they appear progressively darker as you move down the group of the periodic table. This trend happens because the wavelengths of light absorbed by the elements increases due to the behavior of the electrons. Iodine is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in nonpolar solvents. Its melting point and boiling point are the highest of the halogens. The bond between atoms in the diatomic molecule is the weakest in the element group. Halogen Iodine is a halogen, which is a type of non-metal. It is located beneath fluorine, chlorine, and bromine on the periodic table, making it the heaviest stable element in the halogen group. Thyroid The thyroid gland uses iodine to make the hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine. Insufficient iodine leads to development of a goiter, which is a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is believed to be the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Excessive iodine symptoms are similar to those of iodine insufficiency. Iodine toxicity is more severe if a person has a selenium deficiency. Compounds Iodine occurs in compounds and as the diatomic molecule I2. Medical Purpose Iodine is used extensively in medicine. However, some people develop a chemical sensitivity to iodine. Sensitive individuals may develop a rash when swabbed with tincture of iodine. In rare cases, anaphylactic shock has resulted from medical exposure to iodine. Food Source Natural food sources of iodine are seafood, kelp and plants grown in iodine-rich soil. Potassium iodide often is added to table salt to produce iodized salt. Atomic Number The atomic number of iodine is 53, meaning all atoms of iodine possess 53 protons. Commercial Source Commercially, iodine is mined in Chile and extracted from iodine-rich brine, notably from the oilfields in the US and Japan. Prior to this, iodine was extracted from kelp. Iodine Element Fast Facts Element Name: IodineElement Symbol: IAtomic Number: 53Atomic Weight: 126.904Group: Group 17 (Halogens)Period: Period 5Appearance: Metallic blue-black solid; violet gasElectron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10  5s2  5p5Melting Point: 386.85  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(113.7  Ã‚ °C, ​236.66  Ã‚ °F)Boiling Point: 457.4  K ​(184.3  Ã‚ °C, ​363.7  Ã‚ °F) Sources Davy, Humphry (1 January 1814). Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 104: 74. doi:10.1098/rstl.1814.0007Emsley, John (2001). Natures Building Blocks (Hardcover, First ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 244–250. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Swain, Patricia A. (2005). Bernard Courtois (1777–1838) famed for discovering iodine (1811), and his life in Paris from 1798 (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 30 (2): 103.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Comparative Politics - Essay Example But knowing the research involved in Comparative Politics, undoubtedly Empirical Approach is not only the most suitable, but also absolutely necessary. Comparative politics is considered to be an area of intense and continuous research, trying to keep up with the world politics, understanding intricacies of international relationships and foreign policies and diplomacies either leading to events or resulting from them. "The study of comparative politics, like the study of the other sciences, has had a logic of its own, a developmental pattern that combined specific questions about the various nations and peoples in the world, specific data, and specific problems, all within a learning process that has taken a specific direction and reached a working synthesis of its own past," Lane (1997, p.2). It is important as it is also the study of different cultures, ideologies, nations and diverse thinking processes. This is different from political correctness and it does not expect all administrations and policies of all countries to be uniform. Actually it celebrates the diversity, accepts peculiarities and the unknown and hence, more natural and less overbearing. It does not revel in terms like barbarians or foreigners. It involves comparing countries, their problems, economic development and democracy, monarchies, military and autocratic rules, violent political dissent and social revolutions, pure and hybrid regimes, predicting the democracies, non-violent political dissents and transitions to democracy, performances of such democracies, design of institutions, new challenges, and in the end, there is a process to compare the comparisons. It also involves in a linear relationship between economic development and democracies, explanations to democratic institutional performances, positive and negative relationships between ideologies and their institutions. Hard facts concerning history, economics, sociology and politics are found through empirism. It emphasizes the collection of empirical data and the rigorous testing of theoretical proposition against this data. "Empiricism: models or theory were non-existent in traditional comparative politics, at least at the level of intention and recognition. Concepts were often employed with little methodological discussion as to their definition and measurement," Bill and Hardgrave in Lane and Ersson (1994, p.2). As unanimity cannot be established in world governments, the interests and attitudes of influential groups that are running the administration in various countries have to be studied under 'Comparative Government' and for this process, there is no replacement of empirical approach. In studies concerning politics, empirical method provides all answers and offers insights to understand diversity. Aristotle, in his days, being disturbed by the infighting and instability of States around him, causing havoc, had studied those governments empirically, by classifying them into three groups and then, by subdividing them into further five groups, according to their wellbeing and wealth, legitimacy, monarchy and tyranny. This is exactly what the present day political scientist does by way of analysing through empirical methods, collecting data, enhancing or condensing the collected evidences and classifying them under various groups, according to their ideologies, forms, institutions, politica l religions, cultures, agendas and national

Spice-Trail Oriental Condiments and Relishes Assignment

Spice-Trail Oriental Condiments and Relishes - Assignment Example With much research they finally decided to start its business of spice. In 1992 the company secured financial baking with one of the investment bank. The company employed seven operatives to look after the site and the roasting, drying and its grinding operation. Pritpal was appointed as the CEO; Paul became the general manager and looked after the production process. The marketing department was looked by Sarah and Usmann. Kim looked after the administration and management information system. Eventually the company became a major player in spices of the food industry. The position of Spice-Trail The company has started off well and by 2000 the company took over a bread making company and included them in its product range. In 2005, the company introduced pre-prepared sauces and pastes which shoot up to their success. In the current scenario, Paul Bowers is the CEO; and all other members remained in their previous position. The company had two plants which had its own operational man ger. The functional specialist normally favoured either one plant over another. There was a friendly rivalry among the two plants. Kim has realised that the friendly banter that existed between the two sites had become barbed and relationship had got less friendly. By May 2010 the company had 1750 employees working for Spice-Trail. Kim had taken into consideration the major incident which occurred in the company within the past few months and among them four incident that took place has majorly affected the company and its employees. The first incident that Kim noticed was the cultural difference among the two teams. A very unpleasant scene happened to develop in the training session of the two teams. Janice who was heading the Quality Operation was one of the favoured employees of the company and most of the company’s success is attributed to her. The two teams PR and PS did not mix well with each other and Kim had wished if she could do something to get them together. The s econd incident that Kim noticed was the incident regarding the warehouse. The warehouse was operated by Noddy Bones. Due to small sack size, the warehouse was labour intensive section of the company. The warehouse has 30 employees taking care of the sacks. In an incident, a coriander sacks accidentally caught the corner stanchion and the whole rack of coriander crumpled. This incident injured one of the drivers of the company and an investigation was followed which stated that the company was at a fault for not monitoring the situation and let the driver operate without anyone’s presence. The third incident took place over the annual pay review. The annual pay review took into consideration the development needs and salary progression. The employee base pay was about to increase by 2.75% and a bonus of 1.5%. The meeting took place between the employee and their respective manager which has been noticed as a matter of concern. Joel Barker team were not satisfied with the pay r eview. Following the decision many of Joel team members began to stay away from work and during the month July and August, the absentee’s record increased. This situation was made worse when two of Joel core member resigned. To handle this problem, Mo Travis was elected as the spokesperson and explained that the employees felt that they were let down by the management. When compared it was found out that the staff received 0.5%less than relish plant, they were offered more training and so on. The main issue was of grievance between the two teams and which lead to discomfort in the environment. The last

The class castle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The class castle - Essay Example The movie starts with seventeen-year old Michael who is homeless and living on the streets. Growing up, he had been moved from one foster home to another and now he had taken upon himself to live alone. Out of circumstances including Coach Burt Cotton’s belief that due to his imposing built Michael will prove to be an asset for the school football team, he is admitted into the private and exclusive Wingate Christian School despite his poor academic record. There, due to his childish personality and his inability to connect with people of his own age group he befriends the youngest Tuohy kid, S.J Tuohy (Jae Head). The story begins when Michael Oher is spotted on the street wearing nothing but shorts and T-shirt in the dead of winter by a devout Christian Leigh Anne Tuohy (Sandra Bullock).   Leigh Anne is a strong willed woman who is an established interior designer and the franchise owner of several Taco Bells. Upon learning that Michael is one of her daughter’s classmates she invites him into her house for the night. Next morning when Michael makes to leave, Leigh Anne insists that he spend the Thanksgiving weekend with her family. What started as a gesture of kindness on Leigh Anne’s part slowly turns into something more as Michael becomes a part of the Tuohy family despite the doubts expressed by Leigh Anne’s rich friends. One of them is even strongly rebuked for trying to tell Leigh Anne that her teenage daughter Collins (Lily Collins) is not safe around him. Leigh Anne and her easygoing husband Sean (Tim McGraw) provide Michael with all the support he needs to become a good player on the field. He has a shaky start due to his gentle nature. Leigh Anne on learning that Michael scored 98% in â€Å"protective instincts† in his career aptitude test advices the Coach to tap into his protective instincts. She makes Michael realize that the teammates are

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in accordance with Belch, any organization opts to keep an effective way of communicating with its customers. This way, the customers are informed of any improvement or change in the commodity. This ensures that there is a steady flow of information on the customers. Customers who are kept informed, about any change in the commodity produced by a company, have a sense of belonging, and they tend to develop loyalty to the commodity. In addition, Eagle, states that companies that employ IMC as a marketing technique achieve outstanding outcomes. Â  This is because they manage to coordinate the advertising process and enhance good public relations. An enhancement of a healthy relationship between an organization and its customers builds up a long-lasting customer base, which has to be maintained by ensuring trust and goodwill of all the participants. Ford Motors Company has a wide scope of markets of its unique model of vehicles, which co nstitute different models that suit the needs of their market segment. They have segmented the market into different categories that include personal cars, commercials vehicles, and trucks. Â  Since the foundation, this company has used various techniques in advertising their vehicles. Luck stipulates that any business must use an effective and reliable channel of communication so that their message will not be distorted. Ford Company has employed different forms of IMC, in order to reach the customers. The clients include the business sector, operating segments automotive which have distinct needs to be met.

Respond to each question with 100 words or more Assignment

Respond to each question with 100 words or more - Assignment Example The same also applies to someone who joins groups to cause havoc or disunity in a society. Therefore, a person has a right to intervene if somebody does immoral things along these lines and many other instances. Ethics is like nutrition. General nutritional information forms part of people’s everyday stock of knowledge. For example, people do not have to consult a physician to discover that the ice cream cone is not as healthful as fresh garden salad. They already know that ice cream is less nutritious. Similarly, they know that it is morally wrong to torture a baby. Still, both fields have specialists that dedicate their entire life attempting to provide and refine a solid base for the daily beliefs that people already know. Sometimes, nutritionists come across surprising things like the benefits of fish oil. Sometimes they discover harmful nutritional practices. At other times, they just confirm what people already know, although they do this in a manner that lends more solid foundation to the beliefs. A similar pattern exists in the relationship between what professional ethicists do and people’s daily moral convictions (Hinman 1). Ethical professionals would sometimes disc over an ethical belief that seems to be dangerous. They may also discover a moral practice that is beneficial to people. At other times, they report a belief that people already know in their everyday lives and build more foundation for the belief. An ethical egoist is a person that always wants to act in his/her self-interest. The person follows ethical egoism theory, a consequentialist theory that purports to tell people to live according to their self-interest. The ethical egoist believes that the rightness or wrongness of their acts relies on their consequences. They hold on to the belief that right actions encourage self-interest while wrong acts detract from self-interests. I would not be friends with ethical egoists. Ethical egoism does not promote good morals,

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in accordance with Belch, any organization opts to keep an effective way of communicating with its customers. This way, the customers are informed of any improvement or change in the commodity. This ensures that there is a steady flow of information on the customers. Customers who are kept informed, about any change in the commodity produced by a company, have a sense of belonging, and they tend to develop loyalty to the commodity. In addition, Eagle, states that companies that employ IMC as a marketing technique achieve outstanding outcomes. Â  This is because they manage to coordinate the advertising process and enhance good public relations. An enhancement of a healthy relationship between an organization and its customers builds up a long-lasting customer base, which has to be maintained by ensuring trust and goodwill of all the participants. Ford Motors Company has a wide scope of markets of its unique model of vehicles, which co nstitute different models that suit the needs of their market segment. They have segmented the market into different categories that include personal cars, commercials vehicles, and trucks. Â  Since the foundation, this company has used various techniques in advertising their vehicles. Luck stipulates that any business must use an effective and reliable channel of communication so that their message will not be distorted. Ford Company has employed different forms of IMC, in order to reach the customers. The clients include the business sector, operating segments automotive which have distinct needs to be met.

Ethical issues in packaging practices Research Paper - 3

Ethical issues in packaging practices - Research Paper Example issues and packaging, views regarding how a sample company and some authors regard how ethical a number of packaging issues in the contemporary sense are, and identify various areas that have the existence of ethical gaps in packaging. Packaging is the protecting, handling, and delivering or presenting a processed good or a raw material in items like boxes, crates, pallets, containers, bags, sacks, and plastic bottles. In case an item is intended for sale to consumers and is packaged, it is considered to be safe and healthy to the consumers. For instance, a brush of mascara that forms the closure of the container part is packaging also (Shimp, 2003). Marketers can make proper use of information for labeling to mislead consumers and exaggerate their product attributes. There are several cases in which they use pictures in packaging that do not show the real or actual product that they are selling to their customers. A number of marketers label their products as friendly to the environment even at times when they do not actually have attributes that are environmentally friend. There are various issues related to ethics of packaging that affect the manner in which products are relayed to the clients. They put labels that mislead the buyers of the products. For instance, information related to nutrition like cholesterol free, low fat, and 100% pure juice can be attributes on the label of a given product. Another case can be Johnson & Johnson’s Acuvue that labels its products for use every day and different labeling. The company sells similar products in different diversified labels. There are many issues that marketers use pictures for packaging that fail to represent the actual or the real product. The product label can make it look nice and attractive to customers while in the real sense the content does not reach the exaggerated appeal. When consumers open the well-labeled product, they do not find the expected product in the same. It addition, some brands

Rendell Case Essay Example for Free

Rendell Case Essay 1. What is the organizational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function? What do you think of it? Should Rendell adopt this philosophy? From the position descriptions of Martex stated in the case we can conclude that the organizational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function, especially in the modern business, has gone through a huge change. For organizational function, it emphasized the importance of directly reporting to the corporate controller in lieu of responsibility to the division manager, and for this position, it largely concerned with administrative function of an important managerial position as it relates to the control of costs and the profitable operation of the business as a whole. The Martex’s controller vertical structure appear to be relatively independent without being intervened by the division manager so that they can greatly contribute to improvements on controlling corporate cost and preparing divisional budget from the company-level management perspective. In my point of view, it is beneficial to corporate operation as a whole. But these is a point which should not be neglected that is sometimes the interest inconformity between division and corporate. Like what stated in the case, there is always a fat in the division budget, but if execute the Martex’s methods, the direct consequence of â€Å"unbiased source of information† will really show up? I doubt it. Given the intervention of the division manager from their own purpose, the accuracy of either data sources or analysis reports could not be guaranteed anymore. So in my position, I would be more in favor of rejecting this organizational philosophy in Rendell Company. 2. To whom should the divisional controllers report in the Rendell Company? Why? The divisional controller should report to the divisional manager for now. The reason is that the control system structure should take corporate structure into account. If merely imitating the methods of Martex, it may fail. It is not completely suitable for a different corporate structure using the same management control system. The reason of success in the Martex is primarily because the line-staff relationships underlie the  implement of assigning general staff to the division instead of the divisional staff. In addition, the division controller’s office is often located with the division colleagues not the division manager, and therefore make the intervention least possible. In contrast to the Martex, Rendell did not meet the same requirement as the Martex had had. Once took the job, the Rendell division controller was told his function was to help general manager. So every decision and analysis he made would be from divisional interest instead of corporate as a whole. On the other hand, as a member of the divison, if the controllers were treaded as the front spy looking into the division status, they will also be questioned for the reporting and isolated from the rest of the division. No mention the job could be taken over unofficially. The reason of this phenomenon is that the division controllers are not created as an independent position in the Rendell Company, which is, more or less, under the pressure of the division management. 3. What should be the relationship between the corporate controller and the divisional controllers? What steps would you take to establish this relationship on a sound footing? The best relationship between the corporate controller and the divisional controllers is kept direct relationship. From the perspective of operation and development of the corporate, only if the president and corporate controller (as we all know, mostly, the corporate controller would reported directly to the president) gather the accurate information of various divisions, they can make better decisions for future plan. To avoid the unnecessary difficulties for gathering data and reporting to upper management, the vertical organizational structure should be shortened as possible. There are several indispensible steps to establish this relationship. And all of the purposes are from two principles: first, shorten vertical structure and avoid intervention of affected parties; second, strengthen accounting system control. First of all, it is important to intently cultivate the awareness of managers and controllers as they simultaneously grew up in the  division. The company should establish the so positive image of controllers within the entire company that make every staff clear the necessity of the controller organization for the development. Secondly, take a strong hold with the accounting system, only this is an objective and powerful tool for the entire management even if the management cannot make sure the accuracy of the other information. Additionally, with an uniform accounting system the company would not step into the chaos status. Thirdly, align the divisional and corporate controller in the same direction. Only with the same objective, such as growth in dollar sales, assigned rate of profit etc., they can coordinate and cooperate more efficiently from the same interest. Setting up a proportion of allocating profit between managers and controllers so as to introduce a competitive and cooperative mechanism is not a bad idea. 4. Would you recommend any major changes in the basic responsibilities of either the corporate controller or the divisional controller? The controllers now take on the responsibility of establishing the standard practice regulations and the coordination of systems. To guarantee the rightness and unbiased standpoint, the corporate controller should supervise the argument process. Because there is no counterpart in the division to offset the potential personal mistake. So for this part, in a certain extent, corporate should suppress the individual impact of controller for the standard establishment. The controller, whatever in corporate level or division level, should have supervision over the cash, cash equivalent and credits. In case of the uncontrollable expense on the divisional budgets. From such process, on the other hand, it can resolve the partial problem of false financial statements and bloated budgets. The divisional controllers should have the partial authority over the disbursements of any kind of expense, whose signature on checks at the same time should also be authorized and double-checked by corporate controller. Through authority sharing between administrative staff and control organization, it would be more beneficial for the corporate cost control.

Normal Approximation in R-code

Normal Approximation in R-code Normal approximation using R-code Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine when it is more desirable to approximate a discrete distribution with a normal distribution. Particularly, it is more convenient to replace the binomial distribution with the normal when certain conditions are met. Remember, though, that the binomial distribution is discrete, while the normal distribution is continuous. The aim of this study is also to have an overview on how normal distribution can also be concerned and applicable in the approximation of Poisson distribution. The common reason for these phenomenon depends on the notion of a sampling distribution. I also provide an overview on how Binomial probabilities can be easily calculated by using a very straightforward formula to find the binomial coefficient. Unfortunately, due to the factorials in the formula, it can easily lead into computational difficulties with the binomial formula. The solution is that normal approximation allows us to bypass any of these problems. Introduction The shape of the binomial distribution changes considerably according to its parameters, n and p. If the parameter p, the probability of â€Å"success† (or a defective item or a failure) in a single experimental, is sufficiently small (or if q = 1 – p is adequately small), the distribution is usually asymmetrical. Alternatively, if p is sufficiently close enough to 0.5 and n is sufficiently large, the binomial distribution can be approximated using the normal distribution. Under these conditions the binomial distribution is approximately symmetrical and inclines toward a bell shape. A binomial distribution with very small p (or p very close to 1) can be approximated by a normal distribution if n is very large. If n is large enough, sometimes both the normal approximation and the Poisson approximation are applicable. In that case, use of the normal approximation is generally preferable since it allows easy calculation of cumulative probabilities using tables or other tec hnology. When dealing with extremely large samples, it becomes very tedious to calculate certain probabilities. In such circumstances, using the normal distribution to approximate the exact probabilities of success is more applicable or otherwise it would have been achieved through laborious computations. For n sufficiently large (say n > 20) and p not too close to zero or 1 (say 0.05 To find the binomial probabilities, this can be used as follows: If X ~ binomial (n,p) where n > 20 and 0.05 So is approximately N(0,1). R programming will be used for calculating probabilities associated with the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. Using R code, it will enable me to test the input and model the output in terms of graph. The system requirement for R is to be provided an operating system platform to be able to perform any calculation. Firstly, we are going to proceed by considering the conditions under which the discrete distribution inclines towards a normal distribution. Generating a set of the discrete distribution so that it inclines towards a bell shape. Or simply using R by just specifying the size needed. And lastly compare the generated distribution with the target normal distribution Normal approximation of binomial probabilities Let X ~ BINOM(100, 0.4). Using R to compute Q = P(35 X ≠¤ 45) = P(35.5 X ≠¤ 45.5): > diff(pbinom(c(45,35), 100, .4)) [1] -0.6894402 Whether it is for theoretical or practical purposes, Using Central Limit Theorem is more convenient to approximate the binomial probabilities. When n is large and (np/q, nq/p) > 3, where q = 1 – p The CLT states that, for situations where n is large, Y ~ BINOM(n, p) is approximately NORM(ÃŽ ¼ = np, ÏÆ' = [np(1 – p)]1/2). Hence, using the first expression Q = P(35 X ≠¤ 45) The approximation results as follows: l ÃŽ ¦(1.0206) – ÃŽ ¦(–1.0206) = 0.6926 Correction for continuity adjustment will be used in order for a continuous distribution to approximate a discrete. Recall that a random variable can take all real values within a range or interval while a discrete random variable can take on only specified values. Thus, using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial, more precise approximations of the probabilities are obtained. After applying the continuity correction to Q = P(35.5 X ≠¤ 45.5), it results to: ÃŽ ¦(1.1227) – ÃŽ ¦(–0.91856) = 0.6900 We can verify the calculation using R, > pnorm(c(1.1227))-pnorm(c(-0.91856)) [1] 0.6900547 Below an alternate R code is used to plot and illustrate the normal approximation to binomial. Let X ~ BINOM(100, l4) and P(35 45) > pbinom(45, 100, .4) pbinom(35, 100, .4) [1] 0.6894402 # Normal approximation > pnorm(5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-5/sqrt(24)) [1] 0.6925658 # Applying Continuity Correction > pnorm(5.5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-4.5/sqrt(24)) [1] 0.6900506 x1=36:45 x2= c(25:35, 46:55) x1x2= seq(25, 55, by=.01) plot(x1x2, dnorm(x1x2, 40, sqrt(24)), type=l, xlab=x, ylab=Binomial Probability) lines(x2, dbinom(x2, 100, .4), type=h, col=2) lines(x1, dbinom(x1, 100, .4), type=h, lwd=2) Poisson approximation of binomial probabilities For situations in which p is very small with large n, the Poisson distribution can be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The larger the n and the smaller the p, the better is the approximation. The following formula for the Poisson model is used to approximate the binomial probabilities: A Poisson approximation can be used when n is large (n>50) and p is small (p Then X~Po(np) approximately. AN EXAMPLE The probability of a person will develop an infection even after taking a vaccine that was supposed to prevent the infection is 0.03. In a simple random sample of 200 people in a community who get vaccinated, what is the probability that six or fewer person will be infected? Solution: Let X be the random variable of the number of people being infected. X follows a binomial probability distribution with n=200 and p= 0.03. The probability of having six or less people getting infected is P (X ≠¤ 6 ) = The probability is 0.6063. Calculation can be verified using R as > sum(dbinom(0:6, 200, 0.03)) [1] 0.6063152 Or otherwise, > pbinom(6, 200, .03) [1] 0.6063152 In order to avoid such tedious calculation by hand, Poisson distribution or a normal distribution can be used to approximate the binomial probability. Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution To use Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial probabilities, we can consider that the random variable X follows a Poisson distribution with rate ÃŽ »=np= (200) (0.03) = 6. Now, we can calculate the probability of having six or fewer infections as P (X ≠¤ 6) = The results turns out to be similar as the one that has been obtained using the binomial distribution. Calculation can be verified using R, > ppois(6, lambda = 6) [1] 0.6063028 It can be clearly seen that the Poisson approximation is very close to the exact probability. The same probability can be calculated using the normal approximation. Since binomial distribution is for a discrete random variable and normal distribution for continuous, continuity correction is needed when using a normal distribution as an approximation to a discrete distribution. For large n with np>5 and nq>5, a binomial random variable X with X∠¼Bin(n,p) can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean = np and variance = npq. i.e. X∠¼N(6,5.82). The probability that there will be six or fewer cases of these incidences: P (X≠¤6) = P (z ≠¤ ) As it was mentioned earlier, correction for continuity adjustment is needed. So, the above expression become P (X≠¤6) = P (z ≠¤ ) = P (z ≠¤ ) = P (z ≠¤ ) Using R, the probability which is 0.5821 can be obtained: > pnorm(0.2072) [1] 0.5820732 It can be noted that the approximation used is close to the exact probability 0.6063. However, the Poisson distribution gives better approximation. But for larger sample sizes, where n is closer to 300, the normal approximation is as good as the Poisson approximation. The normal approximation to the Poisson distribution The normal distribution can also be used as an approximation to the Poisson distribution whenever the parameter ÃŽ » is large When ÃŽ » is large (say ÃŽ »>15), the normal distribution can be used as an approximation where X~N(ÃŽ », ÃŽ ») Here also a continuity correction is needed, since a continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete one. Example A radioactive disintegration gives counts that follow a Poisson distribution with a mean count of 25 per second. Find probability that in a one-second interval the count is between 23 and 27 inclusive. Solution: Let X be the radioactive count in one-second interval, X~Po(25) Using normal approximation, X~N(25,25) P(23≠¤x≠¤27) =P(22.5 =P ( ) =P (-0.5 =0.383 (3 d.p) Using R: > pnorm(c(0.5))-pnorm(c(-0.5)) [1] 0.3829249 In this study it has been concluded that when using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution, a more accurate approximations was obtained. Moreover, it turns out that as n gets larger, the Binomial distribution looks increasingly like the Normal distribution. The normal approximation to the binomial distribution is, in fact, a special case of a more general phenomenon. The importance of employing a correction for continuity adjustment has also been investigated. It has also been viewed that using R programming, more accurate outcome of the distribution are obtained. Furthermore a number of examples has also been analyzed in order to have a better perspective on the normal approximation. Using normal distribution as an approximation can be useful, however if these conditions are not met then the approximation may not be that good in estimating the probabilities.

What You Should Know about Stem Cells Essay -- Stem Cells Science Ethi

What You Should Know about Stem Cells A topic of extended scientific and ethical debate in our society as of late has been the question of Stem Cell research. Going down this path could yield unprecedented medical leaps in treatment and prevention that medicine will be able to offer. Before I address the debate of whether or not Stem Cell research should be done, I want to first explain to my readers what stem cells are, how they come to be and what we can use them for. We must first start with the different types of cells, I will explain them as I take you through part of the fetal development process. The first type of cell is the totipotent cell. This cell is created when a sperm fertilizes an egg. This kind of cell can become anything within the human body. After four days the totipotent cell begins to specialize by becoming a blastocyst. The blastocyst contains an outer layer of cells and an inner cell mass. The outer layer of cells will become the placenta and other support tissues for the fetus as it develops. The inner cell mass will go on to become virtually every type of tissue within the human body. The inner cell mass cannot create a placenta. Since it cannot form a placenta, it is no longer totipotent. It now becomes pluripotent, a cell with the ability to become any number of tissues within the human body. This is the cell that scientists are interested in. One part of Stem Cell debate is the question of when is a fetus a fetus? At what point is the potential for human life extinguished? At this stage the pluripotent cells while able to form almost every human tissue, cannot for a placenta. Therefore if you were to place the cells into another woman?s uterus a fetus would not develop. From this point the pluripotent cells further specialize and become the cells that create heat tissue or brain tissue etc. We need to understand the complex events that occur at this stage of development. There are genes referred to as ?decision making? genes. These genes direct how and what the pluripotent cells become. Now I will get into the possible benefits of Stem Cell research. Once we learn how the decision making genes work we can then begin to use the pluripotent cells to create the typed of tissues needed to treat patients with various types of sickness and disease. There is a bonus here as well. Birth defects an... ...t point come we may have already come to an ethical decision on what to do and with the knowledge already gained in research of adult stems cells we should be able to proceed quickly. Stem cell research is incredibly important. We as a civilization are standing on the brink of a major leap for our society and we must take that leap. Who knows that kinds of doors this research could open, who knows that other leads it could unveil for us? This research has the ability to change out culture, like the discovery of fire and the harnessing of electricity. We can?t let it slip away. Works Consulted: Adult Stem Cells May be Redefinable. 24. Oct. 2001. British Medical Journal. 24. Oct. 2001. http://www.Bmj.org/cgi/content/full/318/7179/282/b Stem Cells and the Human Embryo. 24. Oct. 2001. The Center for Bioethics and human Dignity. 29. Oct. 2001. http://www.bioethix.org/resources/overviews/stemcell.html Stem Cells: A Primer. 23. Oct. 2001. National Institute of Health. 29 Oct. 2001. http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm Testimony of Nigel Cameron, PH. D. 24. Oct. 2001. Do No Harm Coalition. 24. Oct. 2001. http://www.stemcellresearch.org/testimonies/cameron2.htm

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: Visualizing Perfection -- Candide essays

Visualizing Perfection in Candide   "All is for the best...in the best of all possible worlds."   To picture greatness, perfection and brilliance all intertwined into one splendid world -- a utopia, infers visualizing absolute beauty, harmony, and a universal tolerance amongst mankind. Would not such "perfection" designate the "best of all possible worlds?" How could we possibly conceive the sinister world portrayed in Candide to be conveyed as "utopia?" Since the best of all possible worlds indicates that "all is for the best" is it not safe to derive at the conclusion that since our world is clearly not "perfect" it is therefore implied that "all" is not for the best? Who determines the "right" from the "wrong," the "beautiful" from the "hideous," the "strong" from the weak?" How does one know if they are right? How does one ever know if they chose "correctly?" How does one allow th emself to be infatuated with an idea as to blindly (correctly or incorrectly) follow it and believe? When do you question yourself? Doubt and "double-guess" yourself? Such correlating topics of an ambiguous solution are sought to be explained in Candide. Voltaire's masterpiece Candide recounts the journey of a young man as he ventures the world and faces reality, deals with it, is guided, transformed, and eventually defined by it. Voltaire's story tells the tale of Candide as his character matures from the naivete of a child to the extensive temperament of a distinguished man. Born and raised in the castle of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, in the land of Westphalia, Germany, Candide is firs... ...n the best of possible worlds; for short, had you not been kicked out of a fine castle by the backside for the love of Miss Cunegund, had you not been put into the Inquisition, had you not traveled over America on foot, had you not run the Baron through the body, and had you not lost all your sheep which you brought from the good country of El Dorado, you would not have been here to eat preserved citrons and pistachio nuts." Voltaire therefore exhibits both sides of the spectrum, Pangloss, the unchanging, and Candide the "developed." These adventures broadened the horizons of Candide, and with him, the reader also undergoes many thought provoking dilemmas, cultivating himself in many of the same ways. This tale doesn't flounder all hope of "perfection," but it does present, in laymen's terms the ideas behind Murphy's Law.

Objectification of women Essay

Should prostitution be legalised and monitored or illegal and unmonitored? Main Arguments Primoratz â€Å"what’s wrong with prostitution?† ( Vol. 68, No. 264, Apr., 1993 ) Nussbaum â€Å"taking money for bodily services† Yolanda Estes â€Å"moral reflections on prostitution† Sources The philosophy of sex contemporary readings, Alan Soble and Nicholas.P.Power, Rowman & Littlefield, Jan 1, 2002 Prostitution and pornography: â€Å"philosophical debate about the sex industry† Charges against prostitution: an attempt at a philosophical assessment, Chicago journals, Vol. 90, No. 3, Apr., 1980 Lars.O.Ericsson Introduction and thesis I will clearly state how my argument will be structured for prostitution through the various articles and philosophers I have studied. I shall also outline how I will come to my conclusion. Body An outline of my basic arguments will be presented with supporting sub arguments, these will include all the above references. I will use both Primoratz and Nussbaum to back up my conclusion. I will then evaluate and analyse their arguments in order to further support my view for prostitution. Then I will look at views that are opposed to the legalisation of prostitution through Yolanda Estes who defends Kantian ethics. After evaluating this I will come up with various responses. Conclusion Look at objections I was unable to argue against as lack of space, also look  at my overall argument and see implications of accepting the conclusion. Essay plan Although we are sometimes justified in withdrawing or withholding life sustaining treatment for someone who is terminally ill and suffering, we could never be justified in killing such a person? Critically discuss the claim? Intro Define what passive and active euthanasia are and their basic differences, Discuss the various arguments that you will look at and show your point of view for the essay State the part of the world that you will be discussing, both the us and uk Main body Body will be split into two main arguments, my first argument will discuss the moral difference between killing and letting a person die. I will use various references and examples from the articles and books noted. My argument will attempt to show that their can be no yes or no answer to the question as each case is very specific and should be taken on its own merits and not by one law. I will then look at various examples where courts have both ruled for and against passive and active euthanasia, critically discussing the decisions and as to weather they were morally permissible. I will then attempt to add a philosophical standpoint such as utilitarianism or Kantian ethics to further prove my original argument. After this I will also add counter arguments and attempt to provide possible responses in order to strengthen my argument. Conclusion Here I will summarise my viewpoint and show various arguments that I may have added if I had more space. I will then attempt to finish my essay with a quotation from one of the various articles that both agrees with and summarises my stance. Books and articles Euthanasia and physician assisted euthanasia, (Gerald Dworkin, Cambridge University Print, August 28 1998) Euthanasia: a reference handbook Jennifer Fecio Mcdougall, Martha Gormen, 2008) Euthanasia: death with dignity and the law, Hasel Biggs, Hart publishing, jan 1, 2008) Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (why active euthanasia should be allowed, article, 2001, navlo, Brithish medical journal)

Ma Parker Paper Essay

Ma Parker is a strong woman who has suffered throughout her life. She is a woman who has a good nature. Ma Parker realises the sorrows of her life and tries to find a place to cry. That would be the very first time she was going to cry once she believed she only would be a strong woman if she had never cried. The Life of Ma Parker’s protagonist cannot stand all the pain she is feeling. As she cries, she leaves all her strength behind. It represents the moment she realises she must permit the overflow of her feelings otherwise she would explode with them. And the death of Ma Parker’s grandson is the highest point of her life’s sorrow. It is the climax of her emotions. Through the boy’s death, Ma Parker understands that life means, mainly when it took away the only and probably the last source of happiness of her lifetime. Since Ma Parker became a grandma, it is easy to suppose that she believes it is the end of her existence and there is nothing else to wai t for. Ma Parker becomes a questioning and desperate woman along the whole story. In my opinion, Mansfield’s lyrical use of language makes the reader believe she is more a poet than a writer. Story’s descriptions are connected to senses. She is a realistic writer, but kind of related to impressionism. Katherine Mansfield is direct, her way of writing is not vague, naà ¯ve or nebulous. Whenever she writes she knows very well the effect she longs to transmit to the reader. The sensation the reader has at the end is a very pessimistic one. Ma Parker is a woman who passed through moments that reveal the insignificance of her life. Due to the descriptions of Ma Parker, character may be considered as living-dead person. They never had good things from life and now it is too late to wait for something glorious to happen. Her life means death, not only for being in the end, but also for having sad and meaningless life. Now it is useless to keep any hope for the future. Ma Parker’s life has many frustrations until the culminating one that is the loss of her grandson. She was poor and had to leave her hometown at the age of sixteen and started suffering along her life. She watched the death of her husband, of seven children and a grandson. Besides, she had to bring up six children by herself. The cry she never allowed herself now is about to explode inside her soul, but Ma Parker still cannot cry for not finding an appropriated place to do it. It seems her life is so insignificant that she does not deserve to cry, as if she does not fit in the world. It is worthy to mention that when she was looking for a place to cry, it starts raining and she probably had to return home. It was as if even nature does not want to help this hard luck woman. From the world there is nothing else to wait for than real death, because Ma Parker is already dead during her lifetime, her dreams are already dead and she no longer has any hope inside her. Besides, it can be observed that death is always present in Ma Parker’s life (husband, children and grandson) and these dead people are so alive in her memories that they seem to be more alive than she herself, once her life story is based on the people she has lost. According to Ma Parker’s individual experience of life, Mansfield is able to show readers the frustration of this tale: Death is the only certainty of life, especially of a sad and hopeless life, actually life is not like what we want it to be – life is a sad surprise. Ma Parker reflects the author’s duality between Life versus World, emphasizing Mansfield’s idea that to live is frustrating.

Vancouver Aquarium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Vancouver Aquarium - Essay Example The about 9,000 square meters aquarium has different galleries for its (Vancouver Aquarium, 2014). Officially referred to as the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, this public aquarium is renowned for marine animal rehabilitation, conservation and research. It is credited for being among the first facilities that incorporated professionalism in its galleries for the interpretation of animal behaviors. Vancouver Aquarium is open to visitors all year round. Tourists from around the world tour the facility to see the aquatic life. Other than tourists, the aquarium has been a key attraction site for environmentalists seeking to study the aquatic life. In 2009, the US Environmental Protection Agency designated Vancouver Aquarium as its coastal learning center, aimed at strengthening the US/Canadian partnership in restoring and also protecting the shared ocean resources. According to the Vancouver Aquarium (2014), since the inception of the aquarium in 1956, over 35 million visitors have been to the aquarium. The City of Vancouver, which owns Vancouver Aquarium, rents it out for $40,000 per year. This public aquarium is self-supporting and non-profit making as indicated in its mission statement (Vancouver Aquarium, 2014). Retail operations, food services, membership, admissions and various community programs contribute to about 81% of Vancouver Aquarium’s operating budget. The facility draws the remainder of its financing from donations, charitable contributions, and restricted grants. For instance, in 2010, Premier Gordon Campbell and Prime Minister Stephen Harper together donated $15 million for the expansion of the facility and upgrade of its infrastructure. In 2012, its lead community partner, Teck, donated $12 million to the facility.

The Differences between State and Federal Power Essay

The Differences between State and Federal Power - Essay Example The Federal government is also vested with the power to mint currency, set the standards for weights and measures and to ensure there is currency regulation. The components of the United States of America constitution that describe and detail the powers extended to the federal government are article one on the congress, article two on the presidency and article three on the judiciary (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). The exclusive powers extended to the state governments include, issue of licenses in the individual states, conducting of state or local elections, regulation of commerce between states and the provision of public health and safety in individual states. They also include punishing of criminals, making marriage laws, licensing of professionals and control of public education, and regulation of alcohol among others. These exclusive powers as vested in the United States of America constitution allow the states to make laws and decisions that cannot be interfered with by the federal government. Just as in the federal government, articles one which deals with the executive, two which deals with the legislative and three which deals with the judiciary are the parts that detail the powers extended to the state governments. This is because all state governments have constitutions that are modeled after the federal constitution, which has a legislative, executive and judicial arm. Power limitations of the federal government were mostly introduced to curb the possibility of a federal or national government that would extend its unbounded power to the states and trample on their natural rights. The said limitations were vested in the bill of rights, which was ratified in 1790. The ninth amendment, for example, states that since the people are the origin of all power, that they have more power than that which is vested in the

Information technology project management Assignment

Information technology project management - Assignment Example iew, variance analysis, Schedule compression, Resource leveling   Decomposition shall help the Project activities timed better, expert judgment will be required to budget time for various activities, dependency determination shall help sequence activities such that project delays can be minimized or mitigated, floats shall be determined to ascertain the flexibility in the project to makeup for any unwanted delays, Three point estimation shall help in arriving at more realistic estimates of project activity duration Project Cost Management    Expert judgment, Cost of quality, Three point estimates, Variance analysis Expert judgment shall be required to determine the activity and project costs and make cost budget, Cost of quality must be determined to make cost benefit decisions when faced with conflicting cost heads, Three point estimates shall give better estimates of costs, Variance analysis will help in keeping the project costs on track Project Quality Management   Cost ben efit analysis, Quality Audits, Control Charts   A cost benefit analysis will help balance activity cost with activity quality and will help us choose between two activities and their extent and scope, Quality audits will keep the quality levels for the activities on track, Control charts shall give an overview of the project quality performance and help keep a check on the same Project Human Resource Management   Organizational charts, Virtual teams, Training, Team building activities, Recognition and awards, Project performance appraisal, Conflict management   Organizational charts will be required to have a clarity as to the project roles and responsibilities, Virtual teams need to be created since the project covers more than one distant geographic company locations, Team building activities will be required to keep the project team bond better and develop work based understanding to help prevent any confusions and bottlenecks owing to the same, Project performance appraisa l shall serve as a tool to encourage good performance and will be crucial in control project progress, Conflict management might be required in order to keep any interpersonal problems from threatening the project performance Project Communications Management   Expert judgment, Communications requirement analysis, Stakeholder feedbacks, Face to Face meetings, Performance reports   Expert judgment will be required to make the formal as well informal communication effective, communications structure shall be determined through a requirement analysis, stakeholder feedbacks shall be sought to help improve their knowledge about project progress and find a realistic thrust of their

The Various Breeds of Cattle at Brawith Hall Estate Farms Essay

The Various Breeds of Cattle at Brawith Hall Estate Farms - Essay Example It is of great importance to note that, seemingly trivial and innocuous changes to performance practices could lead to the decline of breeds or strains adapted to the specific systems of performance in practice. There also lies in occurrence the inhibition of growth and development of the livestock at Brawith hall Estate Farms, Parasitic worms. Parasitic worms spend some, or rather most of their time living and feeding in a live host. This is when they cause the most damage to livestock. So far, resistance in cattle worms is respectively uncommon, although there exist viable indications that at some point, there would arise a problem. Producers should not be lulled into thinking it will not happen, as it probably will. Fortunately, through better grazing management, as those, which ought to be established by Brawith hall Estate Farms, and the use of effective chemical treatments, the costs on performance can be respectively minimized. It may be realized that adult cattle could obtain resistance to most of these parasites, the majority of them, except the liver fluke, so treatment usually focuses on the young stock, particularly during their first grazing season when they are most at risk (Wood, 2009, 87). Focusing on the Liver Fluke, it is being categorized amongst the most destructive parasite that attacks livestock: not only in Europe but also across the world. Brawith hall Estate Farms should practice yearling, and adult cattle should be treated after housing. Pesticides and other repulsive measures, inclusive of various chemical products tend to vary in their ability to kill immature larvae, and the timing for use is specific to the product being used (Kahrs, 2004, 121). Animals kept outdoors may require additional treatments, depending on the fluke risk. Given the resistance issues, emerging with the flukicide triclabendazole it is important to limit the use of this product. Use an alternative product for treating mature fluke in cattle. Other basic tactic s to curb the menace are readily available, and may not necessarily require any sort of major investment to the harbor. These measures include keeping stock off wet areas, which harbor the mud snail could help reduce the incidence of disease. A similar procedure, which would aid the process of nurturing the livestock at Brawith hall, is that all cattle should be dosed at the rate recommended for the heaviest animal in the group. Weighing two or three of the biggest animals and taking an average will give the most accurate guideline. If the weight range is such that the lightest animal might receive more than a double dose, divide the group into two, and calculate a dose rate for each, based on the heaviest animal in each sub-group. Inappropriate methods, such as under-dosing, using faulty dosing equipment, or treating in inappropriate conditions, can encourage wormer resistance to develop. This is because worms with some resistance to the product can survive a lower dose treatment, where a full dose would have killed them. It is rather conclusive to state that, use of wormers, should be put in place, only when it is very necessary. There occurs a trade-off between tolerating some level of worms on the farm and minimizing potential selection for wormer resistance.

Managerial Decision Making Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managerial Decision Making - Term Paper Example The studies that have been conducted by the bank are full of fuss, you can see that the bank is already putting a lot of money for conducting focus groups and collecting the business owners suggestions, it is all quite unusual and a big amount of risk is also involved here, the strategy that the company is applying is not a suitable one, there must be so many other alternatives for a much better data collection and analysis though it would require some more time and some human resources which would also have some investment but relatively less. The challenge is that the competitors are now quite aware of the fact that there is a new product going to be launched so they all know it and they must have also started making plans to ruin the scheme, though it is no longer remained to be an attack over competitors and most importantly the company itself can be under attack as the data collection is not very appropriate, the other challenges that might appear can be from the middlemen which in this case are people to whom the customer would bring the card and use such as the shop owners and other business owners, what they simply can do is that they can change their policies which would for sure ruin the entire scheme and also they can refuse to help the bank in their launching of such product. Another type of challenge is that the bank is unable to find the right target audience, it considers the entire population to be eligible to have this card, what should they have had done was that they should have asked their current customers to use their new product, on successful launching they would have been able to launch it nationwide, and most importantly they should try to convince each and every single departmental store or business owner as they are also unsure about which particular class uses which particular store.  Ã‚  

To what extent does international trade explain the remarkable success Essay - 1

To what extent does international trade explain the remarkable success of the East Asian economies since 1945 - Essay Example Deng Xiaoping, at the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1978, criticized the Cultural Revolution and insisted that CCP should prioritize economic growth (Hess 22). This incident is widely recognized as the beginning of China’s financial reform period and undeniable economic wonder, as an outcome of which China became the second biggest and most vigorous economy in the world. This paper discusses the evolution of China’s financial reform. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping and his peers from the Party’s Central Committee gathered in Beijing and agreed that financial reform was the only solution to the political and economic problems confronting China (Tam 83). China, during that time, was an impoverished, strictly regulated agrarian economy on the brink of failure. The initial period of financial reforms was characterized by a marked growth of financial institutions. From 1978 to 1988, leading banks, including the central bank, were founded, as well as numerous financial agencies, credit cooperatives, and trust and investment firms at municipal, provincial, and central level (Zhu 1505). In 1983, two highly significant events occurred: first, the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) took on the functions of a central bank; and, second, PBoC’s commercial banking operations were divided into four state-owned, autonomous banks, popularly called the ‘Big Four’— the People’s Construction Bank o f China, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Bank of China, and the recently established Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Hess 25). Institution building began in the initial reform period with the formation of a two-level banking structure. In 1995, central banking experienced a new push when a new policy on the PBoC was implemented that provided the central bank the legal structure to function under the headship of the State Council in a market-driven setting (Riedel and Jin 79). At

Current Issues in Athletics Essay Example for Free

Current Issues in Athletics Essay Deviant behaviour is defined as behaviour which does not adhere to widely-accepted social or cultural norms. Deviance in sports is not something that has just begun; rather, it has been portrayed and, at times, exaggerated to the extent where there are reflections of obvious problems in professional sports, if not society as a whole. Deviance in sports began as soon as sports became an important competitive lifestyle for the individuals participating and witnessing the events. The athlete is often the most scrutinized individual in terms of sports deviance. This is especially true today as many cultures have embraced individuals who want to live out their childhood dream to become a professional athlete as they have viewed top athletes as role models. With this constant pressure to perform well and the agenising lifestyle of constantly being in the spotlight, many athletes find themselves doing anything it takes to win. This article will look at the type of deviance associated with athletics for example: Drugs, gamesmanship etc. Playing sports brings out the competitive sides of many athletes. To most athletes, winning is everything, and they will do absolutely anything to make sure they win, including the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Performance- enhancing drugs include: 1. Anabolic Steroids 2. Hormones including: 1. Erythropoietin (EPO) 2. Human Growth Hormone (hGH) 3. Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) 4. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) 5. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 1. Beta-2-Agonists 2. Hormone Antagonists and Modulators 3. Diuretics 4. Even recreational drugs These substances are banned at ALL times. Using drugs to cheat in sport is not new, but it is becoming more effective. . The problem of drugs in athletics is that as fast as scientists devise new tests for detecting traces of drugs in the body, there are other scientists that are devising more new products that enhance performance. According to the Us Anti- Doping agency, if an athlete tests positive for doping of any of the banned substances there is a range of measures taken as punishment: 1. Loss of sponsorship deals 2. Loss of income 3. Wiping out of previous achievements 4. Damage to future career prospects Under their Code, if an athlete tests positive for a prohibited substance they are usually liable for a one-year ban. An athlete may be eligible for a reduced sanction if they can prove they bore ‘no significant fault or negligence’. Substances and methods used to dope have health consequences. Many can be lead to severe health issues or even death. The use of recreational or social drugs is banned in sport. Whilst an athlete can be in a compromising situation with peers outside sport, it’s important for athletes to recognise that social drugs such as cannabis can be detrimental to sporting performance and result in a positive test result weeks later. An example of drugs use is European champion sprinter Dwain Chambers. Who tested positive for a banned anabolic steroid in 2003. The allegation was strongly denied by his coach. He was one of Britains best hopes for a gold medal at following years Olympic Games, Chambers allegedly failed a test for the newly discovered drug tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) which was thought to be undetectable. Traces of the drug were found in a urine sample that the European 100 metres champion and record holder provided during an out-of-competition test at his training base in Saarbrucken, Germany, on August 1, the Guardian newspaper reported. At this time if Chambers failed the test and was banned from athletics for two years and from the Olympic Games for life. Though in 2008 he returned to athletics and competed in the European championships running the 60m to win silver. In the same year he also launched a High Court appeal against his lifetime ban from the Olympics but the decision of the British Olympic Authority (BOA) was upheld. Though in 2012 The Court of Arbitration for Sport over-ruled the BOAs lifetime Olympics ban for drug cheats, freeing Chambers up to compete at London 2012. He won the 100m at the UK Olympic trials with a time of 10.25sec and was selected for Team GB despite not running under the Olympic A standard. Another example of doping is female GB sprinter Bernice Wilson. She was banned by Uk athletics this year as she tested positive for the anabolic steroid testosterone and Clenbuterol. Clenbuterol, similar to the asthma drug salbutamol, is used to treat breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. It causes an increase in aerobic capacity, blood pressure and oxygen transportation, and speeds the rate at which fats are burned. It is officially classified as a sympathomimetic steroid. She was given a 4 year ban from athletics by the court of appeal and she will not be allowed to compete until 2015. In my opinion I think athletes should be given lifetime bans from their sport because when their stories come out about them doping it doesn’t give them a good image towards the younger generations that look up to and idolise these athletes. Linford Christie who served a two year drug ban from athletics competeion, said that atheletics â€Å"is so corrupt now and I wouldn’t want my child doing it.† The world Anti-Doping agency has launched the campagin ‘Say NO to doping’ which aims to educate people on theeffects of performance enhancing drugs on both their health and sporting career. I believe more of these programmes should be set up and more people made aware of the consequences faced when taking drugs. Gamesmanship: Another form of deviance is Gamesmanship. There is a fine line between cheating and gamesmanship. What you might consider cheating simply could be â€Å"part of the game† to another. Gamesmanship is defined as the use of dubious methods to win or gain a serious advantage in a game or sport. It has been described as Pushing the rules to the limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired end. A form of gamesmanship in athletics is a false start. An athlete can choose to abort the start after the â€Å"on your marks† and â€Å"set† commands and before the firing of the starting device by raising his hand or standing up. Thiscan intimitate the other competetiors on the starting blocks as once in the starting blocks the competetiors are not allowed to move until the gun has been sounded to signal the start of the event. The athlete may also be warned for improper conduct by the referee if the action was determined to be inappropriate. Sometimes competitors can disturb other athletes at the starting line and this may be considered a false start. If a starter isn’t satisfied that all competitors are ready to proceed with the race, he will order the competitors to â€Å"stand up.† The most famous example of a false start was Usain Bolt in the 100m final at the World Championships in Daegu. Bolt reacted, 0.104 seconds before the gun was fired. A second gun crack confirmed his his disqulification. Though in recent studies and slow-motion replays of the start of the race show how Blakes left leg twitched in the instant before Bolt pushed off from the blocks. Some commentators have suggested that Blake himself could, and maybe should, have been disqualified. The IAAF rules state that once the athletes are in the set position, they must not move, and Blakes leg clearly twitched. It was that rule which caused Dwain Chambers to be disqualified in his semi-final. Another example of a false start was Christine Ohuruogu who was disqualified from the 400m in the worldchampionships in 2011. Such events are extremely rare in the 400m, but Ohuruogu came out of her blocks way ahead of any of her rivals. She told Channel 4 that, I knew it was me straight away. I cant believe it. I just wanted to get a good start as I knew it was going to be a fast round. Under the new false-start regulations brought in by the IAAF at the start of 2010, she was allowed no warning nor second chance and was shown a red card by officials before being ushered off the track in a state of shock she commented to the BBC that, Ive just wasted all that hard work, its just wasted.† Gender issues and equality: Gender issue take two different forms in athletics. The two forms: 1. Gender equality- The number of men and woman in sport 2. Gender issues- Verifying the eligibility of an athlete to compete in a sporting event that is limited to a single sex. Gender issues are a rare occasion in athletics. The issue arose a number of times in the Olympic Games where it was alleged that male athletes attempted to compete as women in order to win. The first mandatory sex test issued by the IAAF for woman athletes was in July 1950 in the month before the European Championships in Belgium. All athletes were tested in their own countries. Sex testing at the games began at the 1966 European Athletics Championships in response to suspicion that several of the best women athletes from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were actually men. At the Olympics, testing was introduced at the 1968 Olympic Winter Games in Grenoble. While it arose primarily from the Olympic Games, gender verification affects any sporting event. However, it most often becomes an issue in elite international competition. The most famous example is Caster Semenya, a South African middle-distance runner and world champion. Semenya won gold in the womens 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 in the final. She was scrutinized because of her masculine appearance and it raised concerns and complaints to the International Association of Athletics Federations, the governing body for all international athletic competitions outside the Olympics. She was banned from competing as gender tests where carried out on her. It took until July 2010 for the IAAF cleared her to compete. The main issue is gender inequality in sport. In the past, and still to an extent today, many women have been stereotyped into domestic roles, leaving fewer opportunities or activites available for them to participate in as sports where viewed to be male dominant. It wasn’t until the 1980’s a more enlightened and equal approach began to emerge which allowed womans sports to blossom in the UK. For the first time in the 2012 London Olympic Games, every country that was competeing had women in their teams. Women this year made up approximately 45% of the atheltes whereas in 1948 in Los Angeles only 24% of those competing were women. Only 16 years ago, in Atlanta, 26 countries did not send any women at all, according to website Muslim Women in Sport. Lord Coe, the London 2012 chairman, said: Weve had more women competing in these Games. Some of the big, high-profile moments have focused on women. Its really moved the agenda on. But Jowell said the ongoing gender imbalance was symptomatic of wider discrimination against women in sport. Sport England has an aim to get more women back into sport. Sport Englands most recent figures, published last month, showed that one in eight women play sport in regularly England compared with one in five men. Among disadvantaged communities, the number of women drops to one in 10. They will invest  £10 million into 20 projects to reduce the gender gap. Racism: Racism in sport is a problem which is manifest around the world. It has led to a wide range of controversial incidents which have been reported in the media. The sport itself does not induce racism. The people that participate in the playing, organization, and implementation of sports bring racism into sports. One of the most notorious examples of racism in an international sporting event occurred in the 1936 Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany, in the Nazi era. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler hoped that the Olympic events would display the superiority of the Aryan race—that is, he hoped that the white athletes would greatly surpass athletes of other racial or ethnic backgrounds. When black American track and field athlete Jesse Owens (1913–1980) won four gold medals, a stunned Hitler angrily left the stadium. German fans, however, received Owens well and cheered his accomplishments. Though in more recent events Greek champion triple jumper Voula Papachristou has became the first athlete banned from competing at the London 2012 Olympic Games for posting racist and offensive comments on Twitter. Papachristou a supporter of the far-right political party Golden Dawn, posted the offensive tweet, which she now claims was a joke. The tweet said: â€Å"With so many Africans in Greece, at least the West Nile mosquitoes will eat home made food!!!† This was to be her first Olympics where she was to be recognised for her triple jumping but instead she was recognised for all the wrong reasons. Another example of racism in athletics was the Australian athlete John Steffensen. He claims he was racially abused by Athletics Austrailia by not being selected for thr 4X400m relay event in the London Olympic Games. He commented in a Channel 9 interview saying, â€Å"I’ve put up with being racially vilified by this federation, being discriminated against on many teams,† he said of AA’s decision to name the 19-year-old Solomon ahead of him for the one-lap race.† â€Å"†¦You think I waste my time running at training for fun? For this?† â€Å"No, they can have athletics. I don’t need to do this no more.† â€Å"I don’t think it helps the legitimacy of our sport or the selection criteria, and I think it only makes our sport look stupid. Athletics Austraila chief Dallas O’Brien says John Steffensen’s claims of racism are â€Å"regrettable† but no disciplinary action will be taken against the 400m runner. Education and sport in schools: Physical education and sport in schools has become a key issue involved in education. Targets have been set for schools to create more time for sports. It is said that in primary schools pupils should have 75-90 minutes of physical education and in secondary school; the amount of time and range of activities can become mnore flexible. They must aim though for minimum of two hours of sport per week. According to the British government: Every secondary school will receive funding up to the end of the academic year in 2013 to pay for one day a week of a PE teacher’s time to be spent out of the classroom, encouraging greater take-up of competitive sport in primary schools and securing a fixture network for schools to increase the amount of intra- and inter-school competition. Lottery funding from Sport England will also be deployed to build a framework of competitions as part of the new School Games. Though in recent surveys, doctors found 17 per cent of boys and 16 per cent of girls between 12 and 15 are classed as either overweight or obese and nearly three quarters of children are not getting their recommended 60 minutes of daily activity. But with the recent London Olympics the number of children regularly taking part in competitive sport has gone up, a new government report shows, but its still less than half of all pupils – increasing from 28% last year to 39% this year. This shows major events have had an impact on younger children but as it states there is still not enough young peole taking part and there is a many of excuses for avoiding it. Even when people leave school at the age of 18 involvement in sport drops dramatically as they have no longer sport as a complusory part of their acedemic cirriculum. The British government along with Sport England have launched their campaign ‘Sport; a habit for life’ this will focus mainly on the youth, facilities and physical education in schools all over the UK with the aim of increasing participation.